Comparison of vonoprazan and proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection-induced ulcer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Both vonoprazan and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are currently used to treat artificial ulcers after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection. However, evidence-based medicine proving the efficacy of vonoprazan is still lacking. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy of vonoprazan and PPIs for the treatment of artificial ulcers after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection. METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to September 2023 for related randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs that compared the efficacy of vonoprazan and PPIs in treating artificial gastric ulcers after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection were included. Two independent reviewers screened the included studies, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. The following outcomes were extracted for comparison: ulcer healing rate, ulcer shrinkage rate, delayed postoperative bleeding rate, and ulcer perforation rate. RESULTS: Nine randomized controlled trials involving 926 patients were included. The pooled results showed that vonoprazan had a significantly lower rate of delayed postoperative bleeding than did PPIs (RR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.23-0.91; P = 0.03). No significant differences were found in terms of ulcer healing, shrinkage rates, or ulcer perforation rates between vonoprazan and PPIs. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with PPIs, vonoprazan is superior at reducing delayed postoperative bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection. However, further studies are needed to prove the efficacy of vonoprazan. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: Identifier CRD42024509227.

Repopulating Kupffer cells originate directly from hematopoietic stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Kupffer cells (KCs) originate from yolk-sac progenitors before birth. Throughout adulthood, they self-maintain independently from the input of circulating monocytes (MOs) at a steady state and are replenished within 2 weeks after having been depleted, but the origin of repopulating KCs in adults remains unclear. The current paradigm dictates that repopulating KCs originate from preexisting KCs or monocytes, but there remains a lack of fate-mapping evidence. METHODS: We first traced the fate of preexisting KCs and that of monocytic cells with tissue-resident macrophage-specific and monocytic cell-specific fate-mapping mouse models, respectively. Secondly, we performed genetic lineage tracing to determine the type of progenitor cells involved in response to KC-depletion in mice. Finally, we traced the fate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in an HSC-specific fate-mapping mouse model, in the context of chronic liver inflammation induced by repeated carbon tetrachloride treatment. RESULTS: By using fate-mapping mouse models, we found no evidence that repopulating KCs originate from preexisting KCs or MOs and found that in response to KC-depletion, HSCs proliferated in the bone marrow, mobilized into the blood, adoptively transferred into the liver and differentiated into KCs. Then, in the chronic liver inflammation context, we confirmed that repopulating KCs originated directly from HSCs. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings provided in vivo fate-mapping evidence that repopulating KCs originate directly from HSCs, which presents a completely novel understanding of the cellular origin of repopulating KCs and shedding light on the divergent roles of KCs in liver homeostasis and diseases.

Corrigendum: The prospective outcome of the Monkeypox outbreak in 2022 and characterization of monkeypox disease immunobiology.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1196699.].

The prospective outcome of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 and characterization of monkeypox disease immunobiology.

A new threat to global health re-emerged with monkeypox's advent in early 2022. As of November 10, 2022, nearly 80,000 confirmed cases had been reported worldwide, with most of them coming from places where the disease is not common. There were 53 fatalities, with 40 occurring in areas that had never before recorded monkeypox and the remaining 13 appearing in the regions that had previously reported the disease. Preliminary genetic data suggest that the 2022 monkeypox virus is part of the West African clade; the virus can be transmitted from person to person through direct interaction with lesions during sexual activity. It is still unknown if monkeypox can be transmitted via sexual contact or, more particularly, through infected body fluids. This most recent epidemic's reservoir host, or principal carrier, is still a mystery. Rodents found in Africa can be the possible intermediate host. Instead, the CDC has confirmed that there are currently no particular treatments for monkeypox virus infection in 2022; however, antivirals already in the market that are successful against smallpox may mitigate the spread of monkeypox. To protect against the disease, the JYNNEOS (Imvamune or Imvanex) smallpox vaccine can be given. The spread of monkeypox can be slowed through measures such as post-exposure immunization, contact tracing, and improved case diagnosis and isolation. Final Thoughts: The latest monkeypox epidemic is a new hazard during the COVID-19 epidemic. The prevailing condition of the monkeypox epidemic along with coinfection with COVID-19 could pose a serious condition for clinicians that could lead to the global epidemic community in the form of coinfection.

ß-Glucan Induces Training Immunity to Promote Antiviral Activity by Activating TBK1.

Many studies have shown that ß-glucan induces a trained immune phenotype in innate immune cells to defend against bacterial and fungal infections. The specific mechanism involves cellular metabolism and epigenetic reprogramming. However, it is unclear whether ß-glucan plays a role in antiviral infection. Therefore, this study investigated the role of trained immunity induced by Candida albicans and ß-glucan in antiviral innate immunity. It showed that C. albicans and ß-glucan promoted the expression of interferon-ß (IFN-ß) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in mouse macrophages triggered by viral infection. In addition, ß-glucan pretreatment attenuated the pathological damage induced by the virus in mouse lungs and promoted the expression of IFN-ß. Mechanistically, ß-glucan could promote the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of TANK Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1), a key protein of the innate immune pathway. These results suggest that ß-glucan can promote innate antiviral immunity, and this bioactive material may be a potential therapeutic target for antiviral treatment.

Senotherapeutics: An emerging approach to the treatment of viral infectious diseases in the elderly.

In the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the phenomenon that the elderly have higher morbidity and mortality is of great concern. Existing evidence suggests that senescence and viral infection interact with each other. Viral infection can lead to the aggravation of senescence through multiple pathways, while virus-induced senescence combined with existing senescence in the elderly aggravates the severity of viral infections and promotes excessive age-related inflammation and multiple organ damage or dysfunction, ultimately resulting in higher mortality. The underlying mechanisms may involve mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal activation of the cGAS-STING pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome, the role of pre-activated macrophages and over-recruited immune cells, and accumulation of immune cells with trained immunity. Thus, senescence-targeted drugs were shown to have positive effects on the treatment of viral infectious diseases in the elderly, which has received great attention and extensive research. Therefore, this review focused on the relationship between senescence and viral infection, as well as the significance of senotherapeutics for the treatment of viral infectious diseases.

Analysis of Common Respiratory Infected Pathogens in 3100 Children after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological features in children after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: This study collected throat swabs and serum samples from hospitalized pediatric patients of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei province, China before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Respiratory infected pathogens [adenovirus (ADV), influenza virus A/B (Flu A/B), parainfluenza virus 1/2/3 (PIV1/2/3), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), and Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP)] were detected. The pathogens, age, and gender were used to analyze the epidemiological features in children after the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: The pathogen detection rate was significantly higher in females than in males (P<0.05), and the infection of PIV1 and MP was mainly manifested. After the COVID-19 pandemic, PIV1, PIV3, RSV, and MP had statistically different detection rates among the age groups (P<0.05), and was mainly detected in patients aged 0-6 years, 0-3 years, 0-3 years, and 1-6 years, respectively. When comparing before the COVID-19 pandemic, the total detection rate of common respiratory pathogens was lower (P<0.05). Except for the increase in the detection rate of PIV1 and CP, the infection rate of other pathogens had almost decreased. CONCLUSION: The prevention and control measures for the COVID-19 pandemic effectively changed the epidemiological features of common respiratory tract infectious diseases in pediatric children.

A Putative Guanosine Triphosphate Cyclohydrolase I Named CaGCH1 Is Involved in Hyphal Branching and Fruiting Development in Cyclocybe aegerita.

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) is the limiting enzyme of the tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis pathway. The disruption of gch1 gene may cause conditional lethality due to folic acid auxotrophy in microorganisms, although the function of gch1 in basidiomycetes has not been deciphered so far. In the present study, gch1 expression in Cyclocybe aegerita (cagch1) was downregulated using the RNAi method, which resulted in growth retardation in both solid and liquid medium, with the hyphal tips exhibiting increased branching compared to that in the wild strain. The development of fruiting bodies in the mutant strains was significantly blocked, and there were short and bottle-shaped stipes. The transcriptional profile revealed that the genes of the MAPK pathway may be involved in the regulation of these effects caused by cagch1 knockdown, which provided an opportunity to study the role of gch1 in the development process of basidiomycetes.

A case of primary intestinal lymphangiectasia with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL) is a rare protein-losing enteropathy characterized by the loss of proteins, lymphocytes, and immunoglobulins into the intestinal lumen. Increasing evidence has demonstrated an association between PIL and lymphoma. CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old man with a 20-year history of abdominal distension and bilateral lower limb edema was admitted. Laboratory investigations revealed lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, decreased triglyceride and cholesterol level. Colonoscopy showed multiple smooth pseudo polyps in the ileocecal valve and terminal ileum and histological examination showed conspicuous dilation of the lymphatic channels in the mucosa and submucosa. A diagnosis of PIL was made. Three years later colonoscopy of the patient showed an intraluminal proliferative mass in the ascending colon and biopsy examination confirmed a malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Then the patient was been underwent chemotherapy, and his clinical condition is satisfactory. CONCLUSION: Our report supports the hypothesis that PIL is associated with lymphoma development.

Longitudinal Characterization of Cytokine Overproduction: A Case Report in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients With Hyperinflammation in Bronchoalveolar Lavage.

Objectives: The longitudinal characterization and risk of poor outcomes related to cytokine overproduction in critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with hyperinflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage requires further investigation. Methods: We enrolled two critically ill patients with comorbidities diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detected by RT-PCR during hospitalization. Clinical characteristics, longitudinal immunological, and biochemical parameters of each critical COVID-19 case were collected. Main Results: The clinical characteristics and laboratory results of each case demonstrated critical symptoms of COVID-19 with poor outcomes. Both nasopharyngeal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Two patients received targeted treatments against pathogen infection and inflammation in addition to interventional therapies, except for Patient 2, who received an additional artificial liver system treatment. Hyperinflammation with a dominantly high level of IL-6 was observed in BALF samples from both critical cases with decreased T cell populations. High levels of cytokines and pathological parameters were successively maintained in Patient 1, but rapidly reduced at the late treatment stage in Patient 2. The outcome of Patient 1 is death, whereas the outcome of Patient 2 is recovery. Conclusions: This case report suggests that a high risk of poor outcomes was related to a heavily hyperinflammatory milieu in both the blood and lungs of critical COVID-19 patients. The artificial liver intervention on cytokines overproduction might be beneficial for the recovery of critical COVID-19 patients as a reliable therapy that can be coordinated with targeted treatments, which ought to be further tested in adequately designed and powered clinical trials.

Comparative metabolomics analysis of different sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) tissues reveals a tissue-specific accumulation of metabolites.

BACKGROUND: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) leaves, flowers, especially seeds are used in traditional medicine to prevent or cure various diseases. Its seed's market is expanding. However, the other tissues are still underexploited due to the lack of information related to metabolites distribution and variability in the plant. Herein, the metabolite profiles of five sesame tissues (leaves, fresh seeds, white and purple flowers, and fresh carpels) have been investigated using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)-based widely targeted metabolomics analysis platform. RESULTS: In total, 776 metabolites belonging to diverse classes were qualitatively and quantitatively identified. The different tissues exhibited obvious differences in metabolites composition. The majority of flavonoids predominantly accumulated in flowers. Amino acids and derivatives, and lipids were identified predominantly in fresh seeds followed by flowers. Many metabolites, including quinones, coumarins, tannins, vitamins, terpenoids and some bioactive phenolic acids (acteoside, isoacteoside, verbascoside, plantamajoside, etc.) accumulated mostly in leaves. Lignans were principally detected in seeds. 238 key significantly differential metabolites were filtered out. KEGG annotation and enrichment analyses of the differential metabolites revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis, amino acids biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were the main differently regulated pathways. In addition to the tissue-specific accumulation of metabolites, we noticed a cooperative relationship between leaves, fresh carpels, and developing seeds in terms of metabolites transfer. Delphinidin-3-O-(6"-O-p-coumaroyl)glucoside and most of the flavonols were up-regulated in the purple flowers indicating they might be responsible for the purple coloration. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the metabolic processes in the sesame tissues are differently regulated. It offers valuable resources for investigating gene-metabolites interactions in sesame tissues and examining metabolic transports during seed development in sesame. Furthermore, our findings provide crucial knowledge that will facilitate sesame biomass valorization.

Comparison of denosumab and zoledronic acid for the treatment of solid tumors and multiple myeloma with bone metastasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety between denosumab and zoledronic acid for advanced cancer with bone metastasis. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library databases were searched for randomized controlled trials up to December 2020 that compared denosumab and zoledronic acid in the treatment of advanced cancer with bone metastasis. The following clinical outcomes were extracted for analysis: time to first skeletal-related event, time to first-and-subsequent skeletal-related events, overall survival, and disease progression. Safety outcomes including incidence of adverse events, serious adverse events, acute-phase reactions, renal toxicity, osteonecrosis of the jaw, and hypocalcemia were also extracted. RESULTS: Four randomized controlled trials involving 7201 patients were included. The overall analysis showed that denosumab was superior to zoledronic acid in delaying time to first skeletal-related event (hazard ratio = 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.93; P < 0.01) and time to first-and-subsequent skeletal-related events (risk ratio 0.87; 95% confidence interval 0.81-0.93; P < 0.01). Denosumab was associated with lower incidence of renal toxicity (risk ratio 0.69; 95% confidence interval 0.54-0.87; P < 0.01) and acute phase reaction (risk ratio 0.47; 95% confidence interval 0.38-0.56; P < 0.01), but higher incidence of hypocalcemia (risk ratio 1.78; 95% confidence interval 1.33-2.38; P < 0.01) and osteonecrosis of the jaw (risk ratio 1.41; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.95; P = 0.04). No significant differences were found in overall survival, time to disease progression, or incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events between denosumab and zoledronic acid. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with zoledronic acid, denosumab is associated with delayed first-and-subsequent skeletal-related events, lower incidence of renal toxicity, and acute phase reaction, but higher incidence of hypocalcemia and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Hence, denosumab seems to be a promising choice for advanced cancer with bone metastasis. Nonetheless, more randomized controlled trials are needed for further evaluation.

The Effects of Limosilactobacillus reuteri LR-99 Supplementation on Body Mass Index, Social Communication, Fine Motor Function, and Gut Microbiome Composition in Individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome: a Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder associated with developmental delay, obesity, and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Limosilactobacillus reuteri (Lactobacillus reuteri, Lact. reuteri) has demonstrated anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects in previous studies. In the present study, we aim to evaluate the effects of Lact. reuteri supplementation on body mass index (BMI), social behaviors, and gut microbiota in individuals with PWS. We conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 71 individuals with PWS aged 6 to 264 months (64.4 ± 51.0 months). Participants were randomly assigned to either receive daily Lact. reuteri LR-99 probiotic (6 × 1010 colony forming units) or a placebo sachet. Groupwise differences were assessed for BMI, ASQ-3, and GARS-3 at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks into treatment. Gut microbiome data was analyzed with the QIIME2 software package, and predictive functional profiling was conducted with PICRUSt-2. We found a significant reduction in BMI for the probiotic group at both 6 weeks and 12 weeks relative to the baseline (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we observed a significant improvement in social communication and interaction, fine motor function, and total ASQ-3 score in the probiotics group compared to the placebo group (P < 0.05). Altered gut microbiota was observed in the probiotic group to favor weight loss and improve gut health. The findings suggest a novel therapeutic potential for Lact. reuteri LR-99 probiotic to modulate BMI, social behaviors, and gut microbiota in Prader-Willi syndrome patients, although further investigation is warranted.Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR1900022646.

Genome-wide association study of seed coat color in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important and ancient oilseed crop. Sesame seed coat color is related to biochemical functions involved in protein and oil metabolism, and antioxidant content. Because of its complication, the genetic basis of sesame seed coat color remains poorly understood. To elucidate the factors affecting the genetic architecture of seed coat color, 366 sesame germplasm lines were evaluated for seed coat color in 12 environments. The genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for three seed coat color space values, best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values from a multi-environment trial analysis and principal component scores (PCs) of three seed coat color space values were conducted. GWAS for three seed coat color space values identified a total of 224 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, P < 2.34×10-7), with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 1.01% to 22.10%, and 35 significant SNPs were detected in more than 6 environments. Based on BLUP values, 119 significant SNPs were identified, with PVE ranging from 8.83 to 31.98%. Comparing the results of the GWAS using phenotypic data from different environments and the BLUP values, all significant SNPs detected in more than 6 environments were also detected using the BLUP values. GWAS for PCs identified 197 significant SNPs, and 30 were detected in more than 6 environments. GWAS results for PCs were consistent with those for three color space values. Out of 224 significant SNPs, 22 were located in the confidence intervals of previous reported quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Finally, 92 candidate genes were identified in the vicinity of the 4 SNPs that were most significantly associated with sesame seed coat color. The results in this paper will provide new insights into the genetic basis of sesame seed coat color, and should be useful for molecular breeding in sesame.

QTL-Seq and Transcriptome Analysis Disclose Major QTL and Candidate Genes Controlling Leaf Size in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).

Leaf size is a crucial component of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plant architecture and further influences yield potential. Despite that it is well known that leaf size traits are quantitative traits controlled by large numbers of genes, quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes for sesame leaf size remain poorly understood. In the present study, we combined the QTL-seq approach and SSR marker mapping to identify the candidate genomic regions harboring QTL controlling leaf size traits in an RIL population derived from a cross between sesame varieties Zhongzhi No. 13 (with big leaves) and ZZM2289 (with small leaves). The QTL mapping revealed 56 QTL with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) from 1.87 to 27.50% for the length and width of leaves at the 1/3 and 1/2 positions of plant height. qLS15-1, a major and environmentally stable pleiotropic locus for both leaf length and width explaining 5.81 to 27.50% phenotypic variation, was located on LG15 within a 408-Kb physical genomic region flanked by the markers ZMM6185 and ZMM6206. In this region, a combination of transcriptome analysis with gene annotations revealed three candidate genes SIN_1004875, SIN_1004882, and SIN_1004883 associated with leaf growth and development in sesame. These findings provided insight into the genetic characteristics and variability for sesame leaf and set up the foundation for future genomic studies on sesame leaves and will serve as gene resources for improvement of sesame plant architecture.

The Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Anthropometric Growth and Gut Microbiota Composition in Patients With Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background: Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder associated with developmental delay, obesity, and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis has demonstrated anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects in previous studies. Aim: To evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis probiotics supplementation on anthropometric growth, behavioral symptoms, and gut microbiome composition in patients with PWS. Methods: Ethical Approval was issued by the Internal Review Board (IRB) of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Review-YJ-2016-06). We conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 68 patients with Prader-Willi syndrome aged 11 months-16 years (mean = 4.2 years old) who were randomly assigned to receive daily B. lactis-11 probiotics (6 × 1010 CFUs) or a placebo sachet. Weight, height, ASQ-3, ABC, SRS-2, and CGI-I were compared between the two groups at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks into treatment. Gut microbiome data were analyzed with the QIIME 2 software package, and functional gene analysis was conducted with PICRUSt-2. Results: We found a significant increase in height (mean difference = 2.68 cm, P < 0.05) and improvement in CGI-I (P < 0.05) in the probiotics group compared to the placebo group. No significant change in weight or psychological measures were observed. Probiotic treatment altered the microbiome composition to favor weight loss and gut health and increased the abundance of antioxidant production-related genes. Conclusions: The findings suggest a novel therapeutic potential for Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis probiotics in Prader-Willi syndrome patients, although further investigation is warranted.

The prognostic value of general laboratory testing in patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Lymphocyte count (LYM) of peripheral blood and some indices of general biochemical analysis had diagnostic and prognostic value for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the value of other remaining indices is rare. METHODS: A total of 94 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. According to the severity of COVID-19, the patients were divided into three groups (moderate 49, severe 35, and critical 10), and 40 healthy cases were enrolled in the same period as healthy controls. The diagnostic and prognostic value of indices in peripheral blood cell count and general biochemical analysis was analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with healthy cases, the value differences in peripheral blood analysis in patients with COVID-19 were statistically significant (p < 0.01), the differences in LYM, neutrophil count (Neu), platelet count (PLT), and white blood cell count (WBC) were statistically significant among different severity of COVID-19 (p < 0.05). Compared with healthy cases, the differences in general biochemical results in patients with COVID-19 were statistically significant (p < 0.01), the value differences in direct bilirubin (DBIL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-Ch), and nitrogen (urea) were statistically significant among different severity of COVID-19 (p < 0.05). Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) had higher sensitivity and specificity for COVID-19 diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Some indices of peripheral blood cell count and general biochemical analysis were valuable in discriminating COVID-19 and predicting severity and adverse outcome of patients with COVID-19. For clinician, it is better to use more economical and easy-to-get indices to diagnose and predict the prognosis of COVID-19.

Learning to Dislike Chocolate: Conditioning Negative Attitudes toward Chocolate and Its Effect on Chocolate Consumption.

Evaluative conditioning (EC) procedures can be used to form and change attitudes toward a wide variety of objects. The current study examined the effects of a negative EC procedure on attitudes toward chocolate, and whether it influenced chocolate evaluation and consumption. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental condition in which chocolate images were paired with negative stimuli, or the control condition in which chocolate images were randomly paired with positive stimuli (50%) and negative stimuli (50%). Explicit and implicit attitudes toward chocolate images were collected. During an ostensible taste test, chocolate evaluation and consumption were assessed. Results revealed that compared to participants in the control condition, participants in the experimental condition showed more negative explicit and implicit attitudes toward chocolate images and evaluated chocolate more negatively during the taste test. However, chocolate consumption did not differ between experimental and control conditions. These findings suggest that pairing chocolate with negative stimuli can influence attitudes toward chocolate, though behavioral effects are absent. Intervention applications of EC provide avenues for future research and practices.

Clinical manifestations and endoscopic presentations of gastric lymphoma: a multicenter seven year retrospective survey

Background and aim: To improve the diagnostic rate of gastric lymphoma by analyzing clinical and endoscopic features of patients with gastric lymphoma and suspected gastric lymphoma. Methods: Clinical and endoscopic records of 35 patients with gastric lymphoma (positive group) and 133 patients with suspected gastric lymphoma but subsequent non-malignant pathology (negative group) were analyzed retrospectively. Data from another 99 gastric lymphoma patients with malignant pathology but nonspecific endoscopy (endoscopy non-suspect group) were analyzed. Results: Abdominal pain was the predominant symptom reported in both the positive and negative lymphoma groups, representing 60.0 and 52.5%, respectively. No significant differences in age, sex and clinical manifestations in subjects from the two groups were found. In the positive group, 54.3% were ulcerative; 34.3%, infiltrative; 8.5%, polypoid; and 2.9%, granulonodular. In the negative group, 52.6% were infiltrative; 42.1%, ulcerative; 4.5%, granulonodular; and 0.75%, polypoid. The endoscopic results varied between the two groups (p < 0.05). In the non-suspect group, 66.7% were ulcerative; 17.2%, infiltrative; 14.1%, polypoid; and 2.0%, granulonodular. With regards to histology, diffuse large B cell lymphoma was the most common subtype. The sensitivity of endoscopy was 60% for detecting malignancy and 21% for gastric lymphoma. Conclusion: The present study suggests that gastric lymphoma and suspected gastric lymphoma have similar clinical features. Gastric lymphoma presented mainly as macroscopic ulcerative lesions, whereas suspected gastric lymphoma appeared mainly as infiltrative lesions. Although the diagnostic rate of gastric lymphoma was relatively low (21%), it can be identified by endoscopy (60%). To improve diagnosis, repetitive endoscopic biopsies should be performed and novel endoscopic techniques developed in the future (AU)

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Clinical manifestations and endoscopic presentations of gastric lymphoma: a multicenter seven year retrospective survey.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To improve the diagnostic rate of gastric lymphoma by analyzing clinical and endoscopic features of patients with gastric lymphoma and suspected gastric lymphoma. METHODS: Clinical and endoscopic records of 35 patients with gastric lymphoma (positive group) and 133 patients with suspected gastric lymphoma but subsequent non-malignant pathology (negative group) were analyzed retrospectively. Data from another 99 gastric lymphoma patients with malignant pathology but nonspecific endoscopy (endoscopy non-suspect group) were analyzed. RESULTS: Abdominal pain was the predominant symptom reported in both the positive and negative lymphoma groups, representing 60.0 and 52.5%, respectively. No significant differences in age, sex and clinical manifestations in subjects from the two groups were found. In the positive group, 54.3% were ulcerative; 34.3%, infiltrative; 8.5%, polypoid; and 2.9%, granulonodular. In the negative group, 52.6% were infiltrative; 42.1%, ulcerative; 4.5%, granulonodular; and 0.75%, polypoid. The endoscopic results varied between the two groups (p < 0.05). In the non-suspect group, 66.7% were ulcerative; 17.2%, infiltrative; 14.1%, polypoid; and 2.0%, granulonodular. With regards to histology, diffuse large B cell lymphoma was the most common subtype. The sensitivity of endoscopy was 60% for detecting malignancy and 21% for gastric lymphoma. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that gastric lymphoma and suspected gastric lymphoma have similar clinical features. Gastric lymphoma presented mainly as macroscopic ulcerative lesions, whereas suspected gastric lymphoma appeared mainly as infiltrative lesions. Although the diagnostic rate of gastric lymphoma was relatively low (21%), it can be identified by endoscopy (60%). To improve diagnosis, repetitive endoscopic biopsies should be performed and novel endoscopic techniques developed in the future.